ISBN 1. Water-pipes--Design and construction. Reinforced plastics. Glass fibers. American Water Works Association. Fiberglass pipe design manual. F53 The use of this manual is intended for water supply service applications.
This man- ual provides the reader with both technical and general information to aid in the design, specification, procurement, installation, and understanding of fiberglass pipe and fittings. It is a discussion of recommended practice, not an AWWA standard call- ing for compliance with certain specifications. It is intended for use by utilities and municipalities of all sizes, whether as a reference book or textbook for those not fully familiar with fiberglass pipe and fitting products.
Design engineers and consultants may use this manual in preparing plans and specifications for new fiberglass pipe design projects. For adequate knowledge of these products, the entire manual should be stud- ied. Readers will also find the manual a useful source of information when assistance is needed with specific or unusual conditions.
The manual contains a list of applicable national standards, which may be purchased from the respective standards organiza- tions e.
Turkopp, Chair A. Colthorp, Lake St. Louis, Mo. AWWA R. Fuerst, U. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. AWWA N. Kampbell, Inliner Technologies, Paoli, Ind. AWWA A. May, Little Rock, Ark. AWWA T. AWWA P. AWWA K. Kells, Ivoryton, Conn. Abrera Jr.
AWWA J. Bambei Jr. Johnson, Russcor Engineering, Naples, Fla. This composite structure may also contain aggregate, granular, or platelet fillers; thixotropic agents; and pigments or dyes. By selecting the proper combination of resin, glass fibers, fillers, and design, the fabricator can create a product that offers a broad range of properties and performance characteristics.
Over the years, the diversity and versatility of materials used to manufacture fiberglass pipe have led to a variety of names for fiberglass pipe. Fiberglass pipes have also been categorized by the particular manufactur- ing process—filament winding or centrifugal casting. Frequently, the particular resin used to manufacture the fiberglass pipe—epoxy, polyester, or vinyl ester—has been used to classify or grade fiberglass pipes.
The earliest application for fiberglass piping, and still one of the most widely used, is in the oil industry. Fiberglass pipe was selected as a corrosion-resistant alternative to protected steel, stainless steel, and other more exotic metals.
Product lines expanded to include applications of increas- ingly high pressure and down-hole tubing with threaded connections. Since the s, fiberglass pipe products have been used for municipal water and sew- age applications. Fiberglass pipe systems offer great design flexibility with a wide range of standard pipe diameters and fittings available, as well as an inherent ability for custom fabrication to meet special needs.
Fiberglass pipe is available in diameters ranging from 1 in. Fiberglass pipe is available in pressure classes ranging from gravity applications through several thousand per square inch kilopascals. There are few countries in the world where fiberglass pipe has not been used. Tests and lists fiberglass pipe, fittings, and adhesives for use in conveying potable water.
Additionally tests and certifies products as to their classification to an applicable national standard or for special properties Standard 14 only. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Provides established standards for testing and listing fiberglass pipe for use as underground fire water mains and underground transport of petroleum products.
Factory Mutual Research. Has established an approval standard for plastic pipe and fittings for underground fire protection service. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, testing, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, and central and district heating plants.
These codes, in addition to other ASME codes, establish rules regarding the application of fiberglass piping and provide engineering guidance for the use of fiberglass materials. This code lists fiberglass pipe manufactured in compliance with ASTM D as acceptable for use within the code. Department of Transportation, Title 49, Part This is a code of federal regulations that covers the transportation of natural and other gases by pipeline.
Min- imum federal standards are included. This code provides the rules for the construction of fiberglass piping systems for use in section III, division I, class 3 applications in nuclear power plants. Many of their titles, as well as the general content, are very similar to the US-issued standards covered previously. A glossary of terms used in this manual and by those in the fiberglass pipe industry is provided at the end of this manual.
By selecting the right combination and amount of materials and the specific manufacturing process, the designer can create a product to meet the most demanding requirements. The result is a material with a broad range of characteristics and performance attributes. Corrosion resistance. Fiberglass pipe systems are resistant to corrosion, both inside and out, in a wide range of fluid-handling applications.
As a result, additional linings and exterior coatings are not required. Strength-to-weight ratio. Fiberglass composite piping systems have excellent strength-to-weight properties. The ratio of strength per unit of weight of fiberglass composites is greater than that of iron, carbon, and stainless steels. Fiberglass composites are lightweight. Fiberglass piping is approx- imately one-sixth the weight of similar steel products and one-tenth the weight of similar concrete products.
Electrical properties. Standard fiberglass pipes are nonconductive. Some man- ufacturers offer conductive fiberglass piping systems for applications that require dis- sipation of static electricity buildup when transporting certain fluids, such as jet fuel.
Dimensional stability. Fiberglass composites can maintain the critical tolerances required of the most demanding structural and piping applications. The material meets the most stringent material stiffness, dimensional tolerance, weight, and cost criteria. Fiberglass piping is easy to maintain because it does not rust, is easily cleaned, and requires minimal protection from the environment.
To aid understanding of the performance characteristics of a finished fiberglass pipe, the interrelationship of the system components is outlined in this chapter. The fol- lowing is a list of terms used in describing the material system. Fiberglass reinforcement. The amount, type, location, and orientation of glass fibers in the pipe that will provide the required mechanical strength.
Resin system. Resin selection will provide the physical and chemical properties e. Following is a brief review of the constituents of fiberglass pipe and how they influ- ence the finished pipe product. Strength increases proportionally with the amount of glass fiber reinforcement. The quantity of the glass fibers and the direction in which the individual strands are placed determines the strength.
This allows for addi- tional design flexibility to meet performance criteria. All fiberglass reinforcement begins as individual filaments of glass drawn from a furnace of molten glass. Sizing can also affect resin chemistry and laminate properties. Glass types ECR and C provide improved acid and chemical resistance. Type C glass fibers are generally only used to reinforce chemical-resistant liners.
Continuous roving. These consist of bundled, untwisted strands of glass fiber reinforcement and come as cylindrical packages for further processing. Woven roving. This is a heavy, drapable fabric, woven from continuous roving.
It is available in various widths, thicknesses, and weights. Woven roving provides high strength to large molded parts and is lower in cost than conventional woven fabrics.
Reinforcing mats. These are chopped strands held together with resinous bind- ers. There are two kinds of reinforcing mats used in pipe and fittings i. Chopped strand mats are used in medium-strength applications for pipe fittings and reinforcing where a uniform cross section is desired. Use of the combination mat saves time in hand lay-up operations. These lightweight fiberglass reinforcement mats allow layers with a high resin content with minimal reinforcement.
The surface veil provides extra envi- ronmental resistance for pipe and fittings, plus a smooth appearance. Some surface veils from polyester fibers are also used. The greatest strength is in the direction of the fibers. Some fibers are positioned at an angle to the rest of the fibers, as with helical filament winding and woven fabrics.
This provides different strength lev- els governed by the fiber quantity in each direction of fiber orientation. A combination of continuous and chopped fibers is also used to provide designed directional strength.
Multidirectional isotropic. This arrangement provides nearly equal, although generally lower, strength and modulus in all directions. Manufacturers choose a resin system for chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties and processability.
The two basic groups of resin systems are thermosetting and thermoplastic. Fiber- glass pipe, by definition, uses only thermosetting resin systems. Thermosets are poly- meric resin systems cured by heat or chemical additives. Once cured, a thermoset is essentially infusible cannot be remelted and insoluble. The thermosetting resins used in fiberglass pipe fall into two general categories— polyesters and epoxies.
Polyesters have excellent water and chemical resistance and are noted for acid resistance. The base polyester resin is a solid. It is typically dissolved in styrene monomer, with which it cross-links to provide the final thermoset structure. Polyester resins are cured by organic peroxide catalysts.
The type and amount of catalyst will influence gel time, cure time, curing temperature, and the degree of cure. Manufacturers may select from several different types of polyester resins that pro- vide a wide range of performance characteristics.
Epoxy resins cannot be categorized by resin type as easily as polyesters. The type of curing agent, or hardener, is critical with epoxy resins because the agent influences the composite properties and performance. The two basic types are amine- and anhydride- cured bisphenol-A epoxies. Bisphenol-A epoxy resins are commonly cured with multifunctional primary amines. The cured resin has good chemical resistance, particularly in alka- line environments, and can have good temperature resistance.
Bisphenol-A epoxy resins may also be cross-linked with various anhydrides by using a tertiary amine accelerator and heat. These cured polymers generally have good chemical resistance, especially to acids. Inorganic materials, such as hydrated alumina, glass microspheres, clay, talc, calcium carbonate, sand, and calcium silicate, may yield economic, appearance, or performance advantages in fiberglass pipe.
Promoters, accelerators, and inhibitors. Promoters and accelerators advance the action of the catalyst to reduce the processing time. Inhibitors provide control over the cure cycle and increase the shelf life of the resin mix. The pigment choice affects the difference in reflected and transmitted color, clarity of the resin mix, reaction between dyes and other additives, such as cata- lysts, and the end-product color fastness and heat resistance.
They are not subject to general corrosion attack, galvanic corrosion, aerobic corrosion, pitting, dezincification, and graphitic and intergranular corrosion. Fiberglass pipes are subject to some environmental stress and aging effects, the determination of which is part of the fiberglass pipe design procedure see chapter 5. Fiberglass pipe resists a wide range of chemicals. The chemical resistance of fiber- glass pipe depends primarily on the particular resin matrix material used.
Although other factors such as liner construction, cure, and fabrication method may influence the chemical resistance of fiberglass pipe, the primary factor is the resin. The resins can be selected to provide chemical resistance to a broad range of materials.
The fiberglass pipe manufacturer should be consulted for performance information for a particular chemical application. In general, chemical agents are more aggressive at higher concentrations and elevated temperatures. Fiberglass pipe is virtually unaffected by colder temperatures. Therefore, normal shipping, handling, and storage procedures, as discussed in chapter 10, may be used in subzero weather.
However, users and installers of fiberglass pipe should be aware that the coefficient of thermal expansion for fiber- glass pipe is generally higher than that for metal pipes see Table This must be rec- ognized and provisions made in design and installation to accommodate expansion and contraction, particularly in aboveground applications.
Special lining materials should match or exceed the hardness and abrasiveness of the contents being transported through the pipe or provide a high level of toughness and resilience. Therefore, under the proper combination of heat and oxygen, a thermosetting resin, like any organic matter, will burn. If required, the fire performance of fiberglass pipe can be enhanced by using resin systems that contain halogens or phosphorus. Use of hydrated fillers also enhances flame resistance. Other additives, primarily antimony oxides, can also increase the effectiveness of halogenated resins.
Fire performance testing requires small samples and specialized test methods and may not indicate how a material will perform in a full-scale field or fire situation. The fiberglass pipe manufacturer should be consulted for specific information on the com- bustion performance of fiberglass pipe.
This degradation, however, is almost entirely a surface phenomenon. The structural integrity of fiberglass pipe is not affected by expo- sure to UV light. The use of pigments, dyes, fillers, or UV stabilizers in the resin system or painting of exposed surfaces can help reduce significantly any UV surface degrada- tion. Surfaces exposed to UV light are generally fabricated with a resin-rich layer.
Other weathering effects, such as rain or saltwater, are resisted fully by the inherent corrosion resistance of fiberglass pipe. There are no known cases in which fiberglass pipe products suffered degradation or deterioration due to biological action.
No special engineering or installation pro- cedures are required to protect fiberglass pipe from biological attack. Some elastomers used in gaskets may be susceptible to this type of attack. Because fiberglass pipe is inher- ently corrosion resistant, there is no tuberculation of the fiberglass pipe caused by corro- sion by-products. For this reason, fiberglass pipe product standards are based on performance and detail product performance requirements rather than thickness- property tables.
Table illustrates the broad range of mechanical properties avail- able for resin, glass fiber, and fiberglass pipe. This broad range of mechanical properties is further illustrated by the widely variable stress—strain curves possible with fiberglass pipe, depending on the amount, type, and orientation of the reinforcement as well as the manufacturing process.
Figures and show the typical shape of the stress—strain curves for high- and low-pressure pipes for the circumferential and axial directions, respectively.
Many test methods develop data over a moderate time range and then statistically extrapolate the data to establish long-term design values. For example, the key long-term property test for fiberglass pipe is the development of a hydrostatic design basis HDB to establish the pipe pressure rating. This method requires pressurizing a minimum of 18 pipe samples at pressures far exceeding the normal use range and monitoring the time to failure.
Data must be collected over a range of time from 1 hour to beyond 10, hours. To estab- lish the pipe pressure rating, a safety factor is applied to this year value. This testing may be conducted using static pressurization the standard for water piping or cyclic pressure testing which is common for small-diameter pipes used in the oil field industry.
The same pipe tested in both static and cyclic pressure condi- tions will exhibit significantly different regression behavior. The cycling testing condition is far more severe 25 cycles per minute from 0 to test pressure. Because the test is so severe, the common practice is to use the year value directly for design purposes i.
To illustrate the comparison of the two procedures, Figure shows the results of a filament- wound epoxy pipe tested both by static and cyclic pressure testing procedures. Fillers, if used, are added during the winding process.
Chopped glass rovings may be used as supplemental reinforcement. After curing, the pipe may undergo one or more auxiliary operations such as joint preparation. The inside diameter ID of the finished pipe is fixed by the mandrel out- side diameter OD. The OD of the finished pipe is variable and determined by the pipe wall thickness. The filament winding process is illustrated in Figure Within the broad defini- tion of filament winding there are several methods used, including reciprocal, continu- ous, multiple mandrel, and ring and oscillating mandrel, each of which is described briefly.
Figure shows the application of impregnated glass reinforcement onto a mandrel during production of a filament-wound pipe. In this method the fiber placement head with the associated resin bath drives back and forth past a rotating mandrel see Figure The angle of fiber placement rela- tive to the mandrel axis is controlled by the synchronized translational speed of the bath and the rotational speed of the mandrel.
Figure Continuous advancing mandrel method 3. The winding angles are controlled through a combination of longitudinal man- drel speed, mandrel rotation if used , or the rotation of planetary glass application stations. Once started, these methods produce pipe continuously, stopping only to replenish or change material components. A second type of continuous process is the continuous advancing mandrel, which is composed of a continuous steel band supported by beams, which form a cylindrically shaped mandrel.
The beams rotate, friction pulls the band around, and roller bearings allow the band to move longitudinally so that the entire mandrel continuously moves in a spiral path toward the end of the machine. Raw materials continuous fibers, chopped fibers, resin, and aggregate fillers are fed to the mandrel from overhead. Release films and surfacing materials are applied from rolls adjacent to the mandrel.
After curing, a synchronized saw unit cuts the pipe to proper length. This method is illustrated in Figure Finished pipe emerging from the curing oven is shown in Figure When the winding oper- ation finishes, the mandrels are indexed to a new position for curing while another set of mandrels is wound.
The OD of the finished pipe is determined by the ID of the mold tube. Figure Application of glass, resin, and sand of material introduced into the mold. Other materials, such as sand or fillers, may be introduced in the process during manufacture of the pipe.
Two different methods of centrifugal casting are used and are described briefly. Preformed glass reinforcement sleeve method. A preformed glass reinforce- ment sleeve is placed inside a steel mold. Chopped glass reinforcement method. Varying proportions of chopped glass reinforcement, resin, and aggregate are introduced simultaneously, by layer, from a feeder arm that moves in and out of the mold.
This method is illus- trated in Figure Application of glass, resin, and sand within a rotating mold is shown in Figure Denver, Colo. Because the interior pipe sur- face typically remains smooth over time in most fluid services, fluid resistance does not increase with age. In addition, the smooth interior allows the pipe diameter to be reduced while maintaining the desired flow. This chapter provides a basis for analysis of the flow capacity, economics, and fluid transient characteristics of fiberglass pipe.
Many engineers have adopted rules that are inde- pendent of pipe length but rely on typical or limiting fluid velocities or allowable pres- sure loss per ft 30 m of pipe. Once the fluid velocity or the pressure loss is known, it is easy to size a pump to provide the proper flow rate at the required pres- sure. The following equations are guidelines for the initial sizing of pipe. These equa- tions are presented with inch-pound units in the left-hand column and metric units in the right-hand column.
Typical diameters for fiber- glass pressure pipe and suction pipe can be calculated using the following equations. Figure Friction pressure loss due to water flow through fiberglass pipe 4. Different computational methods can be used to determine the head loss in fiberglass pipe. The suitability of each method depends on the type of flow gravity or pumped and the level of accuracy required. Although not as technically correct as other methods for all velocities, the Hazen-Williams equation has gained wide acceptance in the water and wastewater industries.
The Hazen-Williams equation is presented in nomograph form in Figure , which is typical for small-diameter fiberglass pipe. When fluids other than water are encountered, a more universal solution such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation should be used. The Hazen-Williams equation is valid for turbulent flow and will usually provide a conser- vative solution for determining the head loss in fiberglass pipe.
The actual inside diameter ID should be used in hydraulic calculations. A design value of is frequently used with fiberglass pipe. It is inversely proportional to the diameter of the pipe.
The primary advantage of this equation is that it is valid for all fluids in both laminar and turbulent flow. The disadvantage is that the Darcy-Weisbach friction fac- tor is a variable. Once preliminary sizing of the pipe diameter has been completed, the next step is to determine whether the flow pattern within the pipe is laminar or tur- bulent.
This characterization of the flow is necessary in the selection of the appropriate friction factor to be used with the Darcy-Weisbach equation. When the flow regime is turbulent i. Fiberglass pipe has a surface roughness parameter e equal to 1. This approach has sufficient accuracy for many applications and is used most often with the Hazen-Williams or Manning equations. The approach does not consider turbulence and subsequent losses created by different fluid velocities.
When tabular data are not available or when additional accuracy is necessary, head loss in fittings or valves can be determined using loss coefficients K factors for each type of fitting. Table provides the typical K factors. Equation illustrates the loss coefficient approach. The total head loss in a system includes, but is not limited to, losses from fittings, the head loss from the straight run pipe, and head losses due to changes in elevation.
This section outlines the basic procedure for determining the head loss due to friction and relative economic merits when considering different pipe materials. Calculate the annual energy usage To demonstrate the calculations in a clear format, the expressions below assume the pumps run 24 hours per day at full capacity.
This is not a realistic assumption. In design situations, engineers must assess the actual expected operating conditions, e. These techniques consider the installed cost of pipe in the calculation and future cash flows are discounted to present value. The pressure surge results from the rapidly moving wave that increases and decreases the pressure in the system depending on the source and direction of wave travel.
Under certain conditions, pressure surges can reach magnitudes sufficient to rupture or collapse a piping system, regardless of the material of construction. Rapid valve closure can result in the buildup of pressure waves due to the conver- sion of kinetic energy of the moving fluid to potential energy that must be accommo- dated. These pressure waves will travel throughout the piping system and can cause damage far away from the wave source.
The relatively high com- pliance low modulus of elasticity of fiberglass pipe contributes to a self-damping effect as the pressure wave travels through the piping system. In addition to rapid valve closure or opening, sudden air release and pump start-up or shut-down can create pressure surge. Pressure surges do not show up readily on conventional Bourdon tube gauges because of the slow response of the instrument.
The net result of pressure surge can be excessive pressures, pipe vibration, or move- ment that can cause failure in pipe and fittings. In other cases, mechanical valve operators, accumulators, rupture discs, surge relief valves, feedback loops around pumps, etc. Good design practice usually prevents pressure surge in most systems. Installation of valves that cannot open or close rapidly is one simple precaution. In addition, pumps should never be started in empty discharge lines unless slow-opening, mechan- ically actuated valves can increase the flow rate gradually.
Many fluid mechanics and hydraulic handbooks provide procedures such as the previous Talbot equation for calculating pressure surges as a result of a single valve closure in simple piping systems. Sophisticated fluid transient computer programs are also available to analyze pressure surge in complex multibranch piping systems under a variety of conditions.
Compute the frictional pressure loss in a Compute the frictional pressure loss in a 1,ft long, in. Assume the kinematic change of 7. The flow rate is 8, gpm. Step 2. Step 4. Consequently, the total K factor is 4 0. However, a higher pressure class tentatively be selected to account for may tentatively be selected to account possible water hammer in the line. For for possible water hammer in the line. See example to kPa class is selected. See example verify that this is adequate for pres- to verify that this is adequate for pres- sure surge.
Example Comparative power cost calculation. Assume a 10,ft long, 6-in. The engi- water on a year-round basis. Calculate the average AEC pipeline. Step 1. In design sit- uations, engineers must assess actual operating levels.
Assume a full instantaneous change in Assume a full instantaneous change in velocity equal to the flow velocity in the velocity equal to the flow velocity in the pipe. The fiberglass pipe has a tensile pipe. The pipe wall thickness class of kPa.
The bulk modulus of is , psi. The This exceeds the pressure class. The engineer has three options. The first engineer has three options. The first would be to increase the pressure class would be to increase the pressure class to accommodate the surge, maintain- to accommodate the surge, maintain- ing the same pipe diameter.
The sec- ing the same pipe diameter. The larger pipe pressure requirement. The larger pipe diameter will lower operating pressure diameter will lower operating pressure due to lower friction loss and will lower due to lower friction loss and will lower fluid velocity. The third option is to fluid velocity. The third option is to provide measures, such as a surge provide measures, such as a surge tank, to reduce the magnitude of the tank, to reduce the magnitude of the surge.
For this example, the second option For this example, the second option will be used and a diameter of 20 in. Step 5. Calculate the new working pressure. The total K factor is then 4 0. Before final selection, the engineer would typically evaluate the economics of using the larger diameter with a higher pressure class ver- sus using the original diameter with a still higher pressure class.
Water Works Association. Kent, G. Preliminary Pipeline Sizing. Benedict, R. Fundamentals of Pipe Chemical Engineering. Sharp, W. Predict- Brater, E. Handbook of ing Internal Roughness in Water Mains. New York: McGraw-Hill. AWWA, 80 11 If the results of any calculation indicate that a requirement is not satisfied, it will be necessary to upgrade installation param- eters or select a pipe with different properties, or both, and redo pertinent calcula- tions.
Special information and calculations not covered in this chapter may be required in unusual cases see Sec. Both rigorous and empirical methods are used to design fiberglass pipe. In addition to short-term tests, many performance limits are determined at 50 years through sta- tistical extrapolation of data obtained from long-term tests under simulated service conditions. Design stress or strain values are obtained by reducing performance limits using appropriate design factors.
Design factors are established to ensure adequate performance over the intended service life of the pipe by providing for variations in material properties and loads not anticipated by design calculations.
Design factors are based on judgment, past experience, and sound engineering principles. The design method discussed in this chapter applies in concept to pipe with uniform walls and to pipe with ribbed-wall cross sections.
However, for design of pipe with ribbed walls, some of the equations must be modified to allow for the special properties of this pipe. Also, additional calculations not addressed in this chapter may be required to ensure an adequate design for a ribbed-wall cross section.
The equations are presented with inch-pound units in the left-hand column and metric units in the right-hand column. The maximum anticipated, long-term operating pressure of the fluid system resulting from typical system operation. The maximum sustained pressure for which the pipe is designed in the absence of other loading conditions. Surge pressure, Ps. The pressure increase above the working pressure, some- times called water hammer, that is anticipated in a system as a result of a change in the velocity of the fluid, such as when valves are operated or when pumps are started or stopped.
Surge allowance, Psa. That portion of the surge pressure that can be accommo- dated without changing pressure class. The surge allowance is expected to accommodate pressure surges usually encountered in typical systems.
Hydrostatic design basis, HDB. Design factor, FS. A specific number greater than 1 used to reduce a specific mech- anical or physical property in order to establish a design value for use in calculations. This is reflected in typical long-term flow coefficient values of 0. The engineer may wish to consider this in establishing design conditions. See chapter 4 on hydraulics. Excessive surge pressures should be identified in the design phase, and the causative condition should be eliminated or automatic surge-pressure relief provided, otherwise, a higher pressure class should be selected.
Some pipe products may have sig- nificantly higher values for these properties. The calculations may be made using either stress or strain, depending on the basis used to establish a particular product performance limit. The procedure for using design calculations to determine whether pipe meets the requirements discussed in Sec. Check working pressure, Pw Sec. Check surge pressure, Ps Sec. Look Inside Selection, installation, and maintenance of fiberglass pipe in potable water systems. Additional Information:.
General Information:. M45 Edition 3 Errata June Back to Product Details. Please login to add items. Log In. Would you like to Continue Shopping. Want to save more? Log in to see if you qualify for a lower rate. Extensively illustrated, M45 discusses the manufacture, design, application, and installation of fiberglass pipe, fittings, and appurtenances, and can be used as a textbook or reference book by utilities, design engineers, and academics.
The new third edition updates soil classification information, corrects pressure surege calculations, and was extensively rewritten to improve the clarity of the content. This manual covers: The history and use of fiberglass pipe across multiple industries The composite materials, including the different types of glass fiber reinforcements and resins The physical properties, including the chemical, temperature, and abrasion resistance of fiberglass pipe The various methods of manufacturing, including filament winding and centrifugal casting How to determine the hydraulics in fiberglass pipe, depending on the type of flow and level of accuracy required How to design a buried fiberglass pipe system, complete with calculations to determine appropriate soils, loading, and more The installation of underground and aboveground fiberglass pipe and appropriate thrust restraints The design and installation of an aboveground fiberglass pipe system Shipping, handling, storage, and repair View More View Less YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE M45 Fiberglass Pipe Login Register.
Product Detail. Look Inside This manual provides the reader with both technical and general information to aid in the design, specification, procurement, installation, and understanding of fiberglass pipe and fittings.
Additional Information:. General Information:. M45 Edition 3 Errata June
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