Power Plant Engineering By A. Power Plant Technology By M. Trzynadlowski Free Download. Other Useful Links. Electric Power Distribution Handbook. Electric Power Substations Engineering. Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Generation. Because pumped storage reservoirs are relatively small, construction costs are generally low compared with conventional hydropower facilities.
But there are other forms of solar energy. Just as hydropower is a form of solar energy, so too is wind power. In effect, the sun causes the wind to blow by heating air masses that rise, cool, and sink to earth again. Solar energy in some form is always at work.. Solar energy, in its various forms, has the potential of adding significant amounts of power for our use.
The solar energy that reaches our planet in a single week is greater than that contained in all of the earth's remaining coal, oil, and gas resources. However, the best sites for collecting solar energy in various forms are often far removed from people, their homes, and work places.
Building thousands of miles of new transmission lines would make development of the power too costly. Because of the seasonal, daily, and even hourly changes in the weather, energy flow from the wind and sun is neither constant nor reliable.
Peak production times do not always coincide with high power demand times. To depend on the variable wind and sun as main power sources would not be acceptable to most American lifestyles. Imagine having to wait for the wind to blow to cook a meal or for the sun to come out from behind a cloud to watch television! As intermittent energy sources, solar power and wind power must be tied to major hydroelectric power systems to be both economical and feasible. Hydropower can serve as an instant backup and to meet peak demands.
Linking wind power and hydropower can add to the Nation's supply of electrical energy. Large wind machines can be tied to existing hydroelectric power plants. Wind power can be used, when the wind is blowing, to reduce demands on hydropower. That would allow dams to save their water for later release to generate power in peak periods. The benefits of solar power and wind power are many.
The most valuable feature of all is the replenishing supply of these types of energy. As long as the sun shines and the wind blows, these resources are truly renewable.
The hydropower resource assessment by the Department of Energy's Hydropower Program has identified 5, sites in the United States with acceptable undeveloped hydropower potential. These sites have a modeled undeveloped capacity of about 30, MW.
This represents about 40 percent of the existing conventional hydropower capacity. A variety of restraints exist on this development, some natural and some imposed by our society. The natural restraints include such things as occasional unfavorable terrain for dams.
Other restraints include disagreements about who should develop a resource or the resulting changes in environmental conditions. Often, other developments already exist where a hydroelectric power facility would require a dam and reservoir to be built. Finding solutions to the problems imposed by natural restraints demands extensive engineering efforts.
Sometimes a solution is impossible, or so expensive that the entire project becomes impractical. Solution to the societal issues is frequently much more difficult and the costs are far greater than those imposed by nature. Developing the full potential of hydropower will require consideration and coordination of many varied needs. The materials used for building, energy, clothing, food, and all the familiar parts of our day-to-day world come from natural resources.
Our surroundings are composed largely of the A built environment -- structures and facilities built by humans for comfort, security, and well-being. As our built environment grows, we grow more reliant on its offerings. To meet our needs and support our built environment, we need electricity which can be generated by using the resources of natural fuels.
Most resources are not renewable; there is a limited supply. In obtaining resources, it is often necessary to drill oil wells, tap natural gas supplies, or mine coal and uranium. To put water to work on a large scale, storage dams are needed.
That impact may be desirable to some, and at the same time, unacceptable to others. Using any source of energy has some environmental cost. It is the degree of impact on the environment that is crucial.
Some human activities have more profound and lasting impacts than others. Techniques to mine resources from below the earth may leave long-lasting scars on the landscape.
Oil wells may detract from the beauty of open, grassy fields. Reservoirs behind dams may cover picturesque valleys. Once available, use of energy sources can further impact the air, land, and water in varying degrees.
People want clean air and water and a pleasing environment. We also want energy to heat and light our homes and run our machines.
What is the solution? The situation seems straightforward: The demand for electrical power must be curbed or more power must be produced in environmentally acceptable ways. The solution, however, is not so simple.
Growth is inevitable, and with it the increased demand for electric power. Since natural resources will continue to be used, the wisest solution is a careful, planned approach to their future use. All alternatives must be examined, and the most efficient, acceptable methods must be pursued. As an added benefit, reservoirs have scenic and recreation value for campers, fishermen, and water sports enthusiasts.
The water is a home for fish and wildlife as well. Dams add to domestic water supplies, control water quality, provide irrigation for agriculture, and avert flooding. Dams can actually improve downstream conditions by allowing mud and other debris to settle out.
Existing power plants can be uprated or new power plants added at current dam sites without a significant effect on the environment. New facilities can be constructed with consideration of the environment. For instance, dams can be built at remote locations, power plants can be placed underground, and selective withdrawal systems can be used to control the water temperature released from the dam.
Facilities can incorporate features that aid fish and wildlife, such as salmon runs or resting places for migratory birds.
In reconciling our natural and our built environments there will be tradeoffs and compromises. As we learn to live in harmony as part of the environment, we must seek the best alternatives among all ecologic, economic, technological, and social perspectives. The value of water must be considered by all energy planners. Some water is now dammed and can be put to work to make hydroelectric power.
The fuel burned to replace this wasted energy is gone forever and, so, is a loss to our Nation. The longer we delay the balanced development of our potential for hydropower, the more we unnecessarily use up other vital resources. The mechanical power of falling water is an age-old tool.
As early as the 's, Americans recognized the advantages of mechanical hydropower and used it extensively for milling and pumping. By the early 's, hydroelectric power accounted for more than 40 percent of the Nation's supply of electricity. In the West and Pacific Northwest, hydropower provided about 75 percent of all the electricity consumed in the 's.
With the increase in development of other forms of electric power generation, hydropower's percentage has slowly declined to about 10 percent. However, many activities today still depend on hydropower. Niagra Falls was the first of the American hydroelectric power sites developed for major generation and is still a source of electric power today. Power from such early plants was used initially for lighting, and when the electric motor came into being the demand for new electrical energy started its upward spiral.
The Federal Government became involved in hydropower production because of its commitment to water resource management in the arid West. The waterfalls of the Reclamation dams make them significant producers of electricity. In the early days, newly created projects lacked many of the modern conveniences, one of these being electrical power.
This made it desirable to take advantage of the potential power source in water. Power plants were installed at the dam sites to carry on construction camp activities.
Hydropower was put to work lifting, moving and processing materials to build the dams and dig canals. Power plants ran sawmills, concrete plants, cableways, giant shovels, and draglines. Night operations were possible because of the lights fed by hydroelectric power. When construction was complete, hydropower drove pumps that provided drainage or conveyed water to lands at higher elevations than could be served by gravity-flow canals.
Local industries, towns, and farm consumers benefited from the low-cost electricity. Much of the construction and operating costs of dams and related facilities were paid for by this sale of surplus power, rather than by the water users alone. This proved to be a great savings to irrigators struggling to survive in the West. Small hydroelectric generators, installed prior to construction, provided energy for construction and for equipment to lift stone blocks into place.
Surplus power was sold to the community, and citizens were quick to support expansion of the dam's hydroelectric capacity. A 4,kW power plant was constructed and, in , five generators were in operation, providing power to pump irrigation water and furnishing electricity to the Phoenix area. Power was sold to farms, cities, and industries.
Wells pumped by electricity meant more irrigated land for agriculture, and pumping also lowered water tables in those areas with waterlogging and alkaline soil problems. By , nine pumping plants were in operation irrigating more than 10, acres. In addition, Reclamation supplied all of the residential and commercial power needs of Phoenix. Cheap hydropower, in abundant supply, attracted industrial development as well. A private company was able to build a large smelter and mill nearby to process low-grade copper ore, using hydroelectric power.
The Theodore Roosevelt Power plant was one of the first large power facilities constructed by the Federal Government. Its capacity has since been increased from 4, kW to more than 36, kW.
Power, first developed for building Theodore Roosevelt Dam and for pumping irrigation water, also helped pay for construction, enhanced the lives of farmers and city dwellers, and attracted new industry to the Phoenix area. During World War I, Reclamation projects continued to provide water and hydroelectric power to Western farms and ranches. The topic was interesting and well presented,.
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